Evolução das microfinanças em Moçambique: ênfase no microcrédito e na gestao financeira

Abstract

The need to provide efficient and quality financial services to the poor in a sustainable manner constitutes, more than a social objective, an economic imperative, motivated by the prospect of getting out of the cycle of poverty. In Mozambique, and in most countries in the process development, formal credit markets are practically inaccessible to the poor, who make up about 80% of the population in that group of countries. This inequity in access to basic financial services, in addition to being a constraint on efforts to eradicate absolute poverty, contributes decisively to the emergence of informal monopolies, whose real lending interest rates, by credit, reach more than 100%. The international experience of successful microfinance programs such as K-Rep in Kenya , Bank Rakyat, Indonesia, or Bank Grameen, Bangladesh, suggests that, even though there is no immediate cause-and-effect relationship between poverty reduction and the provision of microfinance services, the development of this type of activities on a sustainable financial and institutional basis, can positively contribute to the introduction of gradual changes in the standard of living of the poor population. It is believed that financial resources are the basic condition for achieving harmonious and sustainable social development. However, the provision of financial services to the poor, under the conditions mentioned above, presupposes the existence of strong, commercially aggressive, rational microfinance institutions in the definition of costs, but above all institutions that assimilate modern managerial practices in the provision of services to the poor, representing, this last point, a turning point in relation to the fallacy that the poor are unable to repay loans, nor to build savings, on a profitable basis for microfinance programs. The main objective of the present work is, from a descriptive approach and evolutionary, analyze the current stage of development of microfinance activity in Mozambique and its role in promoting positive externalities to the poor and the economy in general. The present study also intends to: Discuss the most important foundations of the ancient and modern approaches to microfinan, as, including its practical application in Mozambique; Identify and describe the best practices ("best practices") of the management of microfinance programs; List the different evolutionary stages of microfinance programs in our country; Characterize the forces of demand and supply of microcredit; Describe the main credit methodologies developed by microfinance programs in Mozambique, including informal mechanisms for granting credit; e Propose appropriate credit portfolio management policies, internal control of the highest risk activities for the program and present a model for determining interest rates for microcredit programs that want to achieve long-term financial sustainability. the objectives that are intended to be achieved, the work was structured as follows: in the guise of introduction, the main points of view, from different groups of authors, were confronted regarding the role of the financial sector in the economy. The second chapter introduces the concept of microfinance and analyzes traditional and modern approaches to microfinance, looking for their general and distinguishing characteristics. Microcredit in Mozambique is discussed in chapter four. In addition to presenting a historical perspective on microfinance, this chapter also describes the main forces demand and supply of microcredit in urban, peri-urban and rural centers, and credit methodologies edict practiced by microfinance institutions, including informal schemes. The fifth chapter, talks about the most important aspects related to the financial and general management of the programs, that is, credit management, the determination of a sustainable interest rate, internal controls and monitors. Prior to the concluding chapter, some recommendations regarding the role of Non-Governmental Organizations and donors in general in the new context of microfinance in Mozambique are summarized in the sixth chapter. (TRADUÇÃO NOSSA)