A exploração dos recursos minerais em Moçambique e o seu impacto no ambiente: uma análise das transformações legislativas do direito do ambiente no contexto da exploração mineira em Moatize (2019-2024)

Abstract

The study analyses the impact of coal mining in Moatize, Mozambique, focusing on environmental legislative changes between 2019 and 2024. The research highlights how mining, initially led by Vale and later taken over by Vulcan, has generated serious environmental and social impacts, such as air and water pollution, soil degradation and inadequate resettlement of local communities. The main objective of the work is to assess whether changes in environmental legislation have been effective in mitigating these problems. Mining has been one of the drivers of the Mozambican economy, especially after the pacification of the country in 1992, which attracted foreign investment for the exploration of natural resources. However, the search for economic growth has generated environmental and social conflicts, as populations affected by mining activities face land loss, difficulties in accessing drinking water and exposure to pollutants. The research points out that, although there are well-established environmental standards, their implementation and enforcement are still deficient. One of the biggest problems identified was the resettlement of communities displaced by mining activities. Many residents were relocated to areas with poor infrastructure, without adequate access to water and fertile land, compromising their livelihoods. Furthermore, the intensification of Vulcan’s operations resulted in increased air pollution and cracks in homes due to explosions, making life even more difficult for local communities. Despite legislative advances, there are still gaps in environmental protection and in guaranteeing the rights of affected communities. It is recommended that monitoring be strengthened, that affected populations be more involved in decisions about mining, and that policies be more effective to ensure a balance between economic development and environmental preservation. Without stricter measures, the negative impacts of mining will continue to compromise the environment and the quality of life of local populations