A mensuração e divulgação dos activos e passivos nas demonstrações financeiras pelo seu justo valor

Abstract

The current economic and financial situation of the requirement to present the assets of the entities in the financial statements by net realizable values, the importance of revised financial information, the measurement in the terminology of the international standards of the elements of the financial statements and, consequently, the attribution of value to assets and liabilities, is an essential aspect of the accounting process. So much so that two concepts, divergent with regard to their characteristics, have been the source of academic debates raising, in certain circumstances, practical problems. Such an assertion addresses historical cost to the detriment of fair value. The study investigates whether or not fair value is a reliable measurement and disclosure basis for the elements of the financial statements. Its relevance is with a view to presenting some reflections in the light of the reality of the national business accounting system. The problem of fair value in the Accounting System for the Business Sector in Mozambique (SCE) is, in all respects, identical to that provided for by the IASB and FASB. According to the reasoning of Decree 70/2009, of 22 December, the approval of an SCE, aims to meet the requirements of the dynamics of internationalization of business and the improvement of transparency in business management in general and they are to put pressure on the International Institutions responsible for issuing accounting standards and principles for an ever greater international harmonization. However, with the globalized economy it is not acceptable to have different accounts with different results, depending on the country where you are. The absence of international harmonization has been the driving force behind such accounting, which still allows for several alternatives that cause significant differences in the results and in the financial situation of companies. Thus, the adoption of these harmonized accounting principles in International Accounting is beginning to be identified as a condition for access to financial support for business units. In this way, we seek to find an accounting language that is common and that allows us to prepare, consolidate, audit and interpret financial information in an identical way. And therefore, the lack of this language has limited the efficient allocation of the economic and financial resources of the companies, constituting a barrier to their understanding of the risk and profitability of these for financiers, investors and other creditors, representing an added obstacle, especially to the capital markets. The adoption of IFRS aims to ensure a degree of transparency and comparability of financial statements and, thus, an efficient functioning of the region's capital markets and the internal market. The convergence and international harmonization of accounting rules is thus a decisive element in increasing the competitiveness of companies and markets in a global context. However, these standards consider fair value to be the most relevant measure of value and an effective criterion for measuring assets and liabilities in financial statements, that is, in financial reporting. In such a way that the objective is to estimate the price changes for these items in the absence of a transaction. And the value would have to be determined by reference to a hypothetical current transaction between interested parties. In this way, thinking about accounting in terms of cost, may seem out of place to a perspective that favors more the components of relevance, and thinking about it in terms of fair value, may seem out of place from an perspective that overcomes reliability. Having the deductive method, consubstantiated of the limitation of access to material and tools of accounting consultations at the local level and scarcity of financial means to import them, centering the author on theses, scientific articles and publications of the International Organizations of accounting tutelage, taking the results of the research concluded that the expression fair value, referred to and required in accounting as the basis for Measurement and reliable disclosure of Assets and Liabilities, is not signed reasonable or sufficient given that the markets are not liquid and transparent for all assets and liabilities. Thus, some recommendations appear to the National Organ responsible for accounting activity, in this case the Ministry of Finance to (i) ensure that entities have greater comparability and improvement in the financial information produced and disclosed; (ii) a more active stock exchange where companies can present the best possible net result as a way of attracting and obtaining financing through quotations on the stock exchange and (iii) creating an appraiser to verify the reasonableness of applying fair value by accountants in companies.