Passado e presente do papel da articulação do sector privado e o sector familiar no acesso à terra em Moçambique — estudo caso no distrito do Monapo

Abstract

01. The decree of 1918 instituted "the indigenous reserves" and was the important period in legislative matters concerning the land ownership system. The decree of 6 September 1961 extinguished "indigenous reserves", reserves the right to natives to five times the area occupied by them and changes the terminology from indigenous to neighboring districts. 02. In the 1950s, there was an attempt by the Portuguese authorities to concentrate the native populations in certain areas through coionates and ruralates, in the south and center of the country. The objectives of these concentrations were aimed at making the natives sedentary, with the planning of cultures and housing in previously prepared areas. According to the plan, the intention was to provide the populations installed there with a technical and social action in order to stimulate community development. 03. The colonial State allocated large tracts of land to groups and individuals for agricultural and agro-industrial purposes. Part of these concessions produced crops essentially for the foreign market and the other part for food crops. The activities of these'concessions (which a good part of them were resumed after a period of abandonment) used the labor of the natives. The labor could be voluntary, being peasants around the concession, and mandatory on a contract basis, generally for six months. 04. In the process of allocating concessions, rural families were often expropriated from their best lands upon payment of a negligible amount of compensation and transferred to less productive lands. Peasants with no other alternative sought employment opportunities from the concessionaires. Therefore, peasant families are expropriated from their best land and become wage earners. 05. The concessionaires, in addition to the expropriation of land and the use of peasant labor (which are types of articulation) established canteens near their concession areas, where the salaried worker collected the products he needed on credit, upon presentation of the card being deducted at the end of the month. Other peasants could buy by paying cash. On the other hand, the peasants sold surplus production to the concessionaires to feed the workers. 06. In targeted programs (such as agricultural development - in the case of cotton) - companies supply production factors (pesticides, seeds, bags, means of transport) on credit with a commitment to pay in product. It is a typical situation of integration of family production in the business production of crops exclusively for the foreign market. 07. The types of articulation developed suggest the coexistence between family production and business production. Countries like Mozambique that still do not have their institutions properly improved and articulated, with acute shortages in the transport and communications network and with a lack of production factors, the articulation between the so-called "family sector" and the "private sector" gains particular significance. since a relationship of intersectoral dependence develops, which must be analyzed in order to avoid conflicts of interest and to develop mutually beneficial complementarities. 08. It is in this context that, by maintaining the differentiation of type A lands (Resources with dense occupation and use and with various types of users. Usually users of these types of resources have greater access to the market, and the ability to expand these limited resources. Here the urgent problems to be solved are the conservation, security of tenure and/or use) of type B lands (Resources with sparse occupation and use, generally by the family/artisanal sector and usually with poor access to the market. type of resources, the problem is to guarantee access and security of tenure and/or future use), due to the New National Land Policy, there is a risk of creating more difficulties for peasants without financial resources to have access and title to the best lands. Although the preliminary draft of the land law, in its latest version, does not establish this differentiation, it fails to recognize the efficiency of customary rights systems in the adjudication of land(TRADUÇÃO NOSSA)